2nd semester syllabus for Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering


HS 9161 TECHNICAL ENGLISH II L T P C
(For all branches of B.E. / B.Tech. Programmes) 2 0 2 3

AIM:

To help students specialising in the field of Engineering and Technology develop their
proficiency in oral and written communication in Technical English.
OBJECTIVES:
  •  To enable students develop their critical thinking skills. 
  • To enable students develop higher order reading skills such as interpreting,
    evaluating and analysing. 
  •  To enable students develop their active listening skills. 
  • To enable students participate successfully in Group Discussions.

UNIT I 6
Word formation using prefixes ‘self’ – modified cloze – contextual meanings -
Sequencing words - future simple passive form - Predicting content – Intensive reading –
interpreting advertisements – Listening and completing table – Writing extended
definition – describing a process using sequence words – developing ideas into
paragraphs – writing about the future.

UNIT II 6
Identifying objects and their use – word puzzles using words with suffixes – Prepositions
– adverbs – structures that express purpose - adjectives – group discussion – Reading -
skimming for content and analysis of style – modes of non verbal communication –
Listening and categorising data in tables – Writing formal letter – writing paragraphs on
various issues.

UNIT III 6
Stress and intonation - Cause and effect expressions - Tense forms - simple past and
past continuous - Different grammatical forms of the same word - Critical reading -
guided note-making and evaluating content - Listening – guided note-taking –
completing a table – Role-play – group discussion techniques - discussing an issue –
offering suggestions – Sequencing jumbled sentences using coherence markers–
Writing a report – Writing recommendations – Writing a letter of complaint.

UNIT IV 6
Numerical adjectives - Prepositions – use of intensifying prefixes – phrasal verbs -
different grammatical forms of the same words – cloze exercise - Reading a text and
evaluating the content - advertisements – analysing style and language - Listening and
entering classified information – Intensive listening and completing the steps of a
process - Role-play - Group discussion expressing opinions and convincing (agreeing
and disagreeing) - Giving oral instructions – Descriptive writing - writing based on hints
– writing argumentative paragraphs – formal letter writing – letter of application with
biodata / CV Writing safety instructions - warnings and notices – preparing checklist –
email communication.

UNIT V 6
Identifying problems, their causes and finding solutions using case studies – creative
and critical thinking – levels of thinking – thinking strategies – brainstorming - analytical
reasoning skills – evaluative essay – decision making – conflict resolution 16
English Language Lab (30 Periods)
1. Listening: (10)

Recognising English sounds – accents - listening & answering questions - gap filling -
listening & note making - listening to telephonic conversations - listening to speeches.

2. Speaking: (10)
Pronouncing words & sentences correctly - word stress - conversation practice.
3. Reading: (5)
Cloze test - Reading and answering questions - sequencing of sentences.
4. Writing: (5)
Correction of errors - Blogging.
TOTAL : 60 PERIODS
TEXTBOOK
1. Department of Humanities & Social Sciences, Anna University. English for Engineers
and Technologists, Combined edition Vols. I & II. Chennai: Orient Longman, Pvt. Ltd.
2006, Themes 5 to 8 (for Units 1 – 4)
2. Sunita Mishra & C. Muralikrishna, Communication Skills for Engineers, Pearson
Education, Second Impression, 2007. ( for Unit 5)

REFERENCES
1. Ashraf, R.M, Effective Technical Communication, New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill,
2007.
2. Thorpe, E & Thorpe, S, Objective English, New Delhi : Pearson Education, 2007.
3. Joan Van, Emden, A Handbook of writing for Engineers, Cambridge University
Press, 1997
4. Website: www.englishclub.com

LAB REQUIREMENTS
1. Teacher – Console and systems for students
2. English Language Lab Software
3. Tape Recorders


MA 9161 MATHEMATICS - II L T P C
(Common to all branches of B.E. / B.Tech Programmes) 3 1 0 4


AIM:

To introduce the effective mathematical tools needed for solving engineering problems
and to emphasize the underlying mathematical principles in specific situations
confronting practicing engineers.
OBJECTIVES:
  • To make the student acquire sound knowledge of techniques in solving ordinary differential equations that model engineering problems
  •  To acquaint the student with the concepts of vector calculus, needed for problems in all engineering disciplines
  •  To develop an understanding of the standard techniques of complex variable theory so as to enable the student to apply them with confidence, in application areas such as heat conduction, elasticity, fluid dynamics and flow the of electriccurrent  
  • To make the student appreciate the purpose of using transforms to create anew domain in which it is easier to handle the problem that is being investigated

UNIT I DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 9+3
Method of variation of parameters – Method of undetermined coefficients – Homogenous
equation of Euler’s and Legendre’s type – System of Simultaneous linear differential
equations with constant coefficients.

UNIT II VECTOR CALCULUS 9+3
Gradient and directional derivative – Divergence and Curl – Irrotational and Solenoidal
vector fields – Line integral over a plane curve – Surface Integral and Volume Integral -
Green’s, Gauss divergence and Stoke’s theorems – Verification and Application in
evaluating line, surface and volume integrals.

UNIT III ANALYTIC FUNCTION 9+3
Analytic functions – Necessary and sufficient conditions for analyticity - Properties –
Harmonic conjugates – Construction of analytic function - Conformal Mapping – Mapping
by functions , , , w z c az z z - Bilinear transformation.

UNIT IV COMPLEX INTEGRATION 9+3
Line Integral - Cauchy’s theorem and integral formula – Taylor’s and Laurent’s Series –
Singularities – Residues – Residue theorem – Application of Residue theorem for
evaluation of real integrals – Use of circular contour and semicircular contour with no
pole on real axis.

UNIT V LAPLACE TRANSFORMS 9+3
Existence conditions – Transforms of elementary functions – Basic properties –
Transforms of derivatives and integrals – Initial and Final value theorems – Inverse
transforms – Convolution theorem – Transform of periodic functions – Application to
solution of linear ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients. 18

L: 45, T: 15, TOTAL : 60 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS
1. Grewal, B.S. “Higher Engineering Mathematics”, Khanna Publications (2007)
2. Ramana, B.V. “Higher Engineering Mathematics” Tata McGraw Hill (2007).

REFERENCES
1. Glyn James, “Advanced Modern Engineering Mathematics, Pearson Education
(2007)
2. Jain R.K. and Iyengar S.R.K., Advanced Engineering Mathematics (3rd Edition)  Narosa Publications, Delhi (2007).


PH9167 PHYSICS OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC MATERIALS LT P C
(Common to EEE and E & I) 3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVE:
To introduce the essential principles of physics for electrical and related engineering
applications.

UNIT I ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS 9
Classical theory: Drude model - thermal conductivity, thermal resistance - electrical
conductivity of nonmetals: semiconductors, ionic crystals and glasses - thin metal films:
conductivity and resistivity - Schroedinger wave equation – particle in a box –
degenerate states – Fermi-Dirac statistics – density of states: electron concentration and
Fermi Level - band theory of solids: energy band formation – electron effective mass.

UNIT II SEMICONDUCTORS 9
Intrinsic semiconductors: energy band-diagram - direct and indirect band gap
semiconductors - carrier concentrations and conductivity - extrinsic semiconductors: n,
p-type doping, compensation doping - temperature dependence of conductivity -
degenerate and nondegenerate semiconductors - recombination and minority carrier
injection: direct and indirect recombination - minority carrier lifetime - diffusion and
conduction equations and random motion - continuity equation: time-dependent
continuity equation, steady-state continuity equation - optical absorption - Hall effect and
devices - Ohmic contacts - Schottky diode and solar cell.

UNIT III DIELECTRIC MATERIALS AND INSULATION 9
Matter polarization and relative permittivity: definition - dipole moment and polarization
vector P - polarization mechanisms: electronic, ionic, orientational, interfacial and total
polarization – frequency dependence - local field and Clausius-Mossotti equation -
dielectric constant and dielectric loss - Gauss’s law and boundary conditions - dielectric
strength and insulation breakdown in gases, liquids and solids - capacitor materials -
typical capacitor constructions - piezoelectricity, ferroelectricity and pyroelectricity -
quartz oscillators and filters - piezo and pyroelectric crystals.

UNIT IV MAGNETIC PROPERTIES AND SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 9
Magnetic dipole moment – origin: atomic magnetic moments - magnetic materials:
diamagnetism, paramagnetism, ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, ferrimagnetism,
ferromagnetism origin and the exchange interaction - saturation magnetization and Curie
temperature - ferromagnetic materials: magnetic domains, magnetocrystalline
anisotropy, domain walls and motion - M versus H behaviour, demagnetization - soft and
hard magnetic materials - examples and uses – Giant Magneto Resistance and
materials - superconductivity: properties and classifications - High Tc superconductors -
applications.

UNIT V OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS 9
Light waves in a homogeneous medium - refractive index - dispersion: refractive indexwavelength behavior - group velocity and group index - Fresnel’s equations: amplitude,
reflection and transmission coefficients, intensity, reflectance and transmittance -
complex refractive index and light absorption - lattice absorption - luminescence,
phosphors and white LEDs – polarization - optical anisotropy: uniaxial crystals, Fresnel’s
optical indicatrix, birefringence, dichroism - birefringent retarding plates - electro-optic
effect and amplitude modulators – phase modulators – electro-optic effect in waveguide
devices.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS
1. Palanisamy, P.K. Materials Science, Scitech, 2003
2. Arumugam, M., Materials Science, Anirutha Publ., 2002.

REFERENCES:
1. Kasap, S.O. Principles of Electronic Materials and Devices, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2007.
2. Ali Omar, M., Elementary Solid State Physics, Addition Wiley, 1974
3. Kittel, C., Introduction to Solid State Physics, John Wiley, 1996

CY9164 CHEMISTRY FOR INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING L T P C
3 0 0 3
AIM

* To gain a sound knowledge of photochemistry, polymer chemistry, corrosion and its
control, Energy sources and devices, and dynamic electrochemistry and
electrometallurgy.
OBJECTIVES
To make the student conversant with the
  •  Applications of Photochemistry
  •  Basic principles of polymerization and applications of polymers
  •  Causes of corrosion and its prevention.
  • Various sources of energy and its storage devices 20
  •  Theories of electron transfer reactions and its applications.
UNIT I PHOTOCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY 9
Photochemical reactions – laws of photo chemistry – Grotthus – Draper law – Stark –
Einstein law – quantum efficiency – photochemical decomposition of HI and HBr –
quantum yield determination – chemical actinometer – energy transfer in photochemical
reactions – photosentization and quenching (example – photosynthesis in plants) -
chemiluminescence – photophysical processes – fluroscence, phosphorescence –
photoinhibitors – radiation chemistry – radiolysis – principles – radiation dosimetry (units,
Fricke dosimeter)

UNIT II POLYMER CHEMISTRY 9
Preparation, properties and uses of PVC, phenol – formaldehyde and urea formaldehyde
– effect of heat on polymers – polymer blends – ABS plastics – polycarbonates –
polyamides – polymer alloys – ABS – PC alloy, ABS-PVC alloy – vulcanization of rubber
– blending of rubber with plastics – laminates and fibre reinforced plastics – chemical
structure and electronic behavior of conducting polymers – semi conducting properties of
organic polymers containing metal groups such as poly ferrocenes – optical fibre –
definition, principles and structure – characteristics of optical fibre – photoresist optical
fibre – advantages of optical fibre.

UNIT III CORROSION AND ITS INHIBITION 9
Corrosion – causes of corrosion – principles of chemical corrosion – pilling – Bedworth
rule – principles of electrochemical corrosion – factors influencing corrosion – types of
corrosion – galvanic corrosion – differential aeration corrosion – stress corrosion – soil
corrosion – pitting corrosion – water line corrosion – corrosion control – cathodic
protection – sacrificial anode – selection of materials and proper coatings – paints –
constituents – functions – mechanism of drying.

UNIT IV ENERGY SOURCES AND ENERGY STORING DEVICES 9
Nuclear fission process – characteristics of nuclear fission – chain reactions – nuclear
energy – nuclear reactors – light water nuclear power plant – batteries – introduction –
primary and secondary batteries – dry cells – alkaline batteries, lead acid storage cell,
nickel – cadmium cell, lithium battery – fuel cell – hydrogen – oxygen fuel cell – solar
cell.

UNIT V DYNAMIC ELECTRO CHEMISTRY AND ELECTRO METALLURGY 9
Theories of electron transfer in homogeneous and heterogeneous – voltametry – electrochemical extraction of metals – electro winning process (extraction of aluminium)–
Baeyer’s process and Hoope’s process – electro refining of copper – electro-chemical
machining – advantages.

TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS
1. Jain, P.C. and Jain, R., “Engineering chemistry”, Dhanpat Rai Publications, New
Delhi, 2002.
2. Puri, B.R., Sharma, C.R. and Pathania, M.S., “Principles of Physical Chemistry”,
Shoban Lal Nagin Chand and Co., 2000.

REFERENCES
1. Wang, M.N., “Polymers for Electronic and Photonic Applications”, Wiley New York,
1994. 21
2. Bahl, B.S., Tuli, G.D. and Bhal, A., “Essentials of physical Chemistry”, S.Chand and
Co.Ltd., New Delhi, 2003.

GE 9151 ENGINEERING MECHANICS L T P C
(Common to Civil, Geoinformatics and Agriculture & Irrigation Engineering) 3 1 0 4

OBJECTIVE:
At the end of this course the student should be able to understand the vectorial and
scalar representation of forces and moments, static equilibrium of particles and rigid
bodies both in two dimensions and also in three dimensions. Further, the student should
understand the principle of work and energy. The student should be able to comprehend
the effect of friction on equilibrium. The student should be able to understand the laws of
motion, the kinematics of motion and the interrelationship. The student should also be
able to write the dynamic equilibrium equation. All these should be achieved both
conceptually and through solved examples.

UNIT I BASICS & STATICS 12
Introduction - Units and Dimensions - Laws of Mechanics – Lame’s theorem,
Parallelogram and triangular Law of forces – Vectors – Vectorial representation of forces
and moments – Vector operations on forces, dot product and cross product - Coplanar
Forces – Resolution and Composition of forces – Equilibrium of a forces – Forces in
space - Equilibrium in space - Equivalent systems of forces – Principle of transmissibility
– Single equivalent force

UNIT II EQUILIBRIUM OF RIGID BODIES 12
Free body diagram – Types of supports and their reactions – requirements of stable
equilibrium – Moments and Couples – Moment of a force about a point and about an
axis – Vectorial representation of moments and couples – Scalar components of a
moment – Varignon’s theorem - Equilibrium of Rigid bodies in two dimensions –
Equilibrium of Rigid bodies in three dimensions – Examples

UNIT III PROPERTIES OF SURFACES AND SOLIDS 12
Determination of Areas and Volumes – First moment of area and the Centroid of
standard sections – T section, I section, Angle section, Hollow section – second and
product moments of plane area – Rectangle, triangle, circle - T section, I section, Angle
section, Hollow section – Parallel axis theorem and perpendicular axis theorem – Polar
moment of inertia – Principal moments of inertia of plane areas – Principal axes of inertia
- Mass moment of inertia – Derivation of mass moment of inertia for rectangular solids,
prism, rods, sphere from first principle – Relation to area moments of inertia.

UNIT IV DYNAMICS OF PARTICLES 12
Displacements, Velocity and acceleration, their relationship – Relative motion –
Curvilinear motion – Newton’s law – Work Energy Equation of particles – Impulse and
Momentum

UNIT V CONTACT FRICTION AND ELEMENTS OF RIGID BODY DYNAMICS12
Frictional force – Laws of Coloumb friction – simple contact friction – Rolling friction –
Belt friction Translation and Rotation of Rigid Bodies – Velocity and acceleration –
General Plane motion – Impact of elastic bodies
L: 45+T=15 TOTAL : 60 PERIODS

TEXT BOOK
1. Beer,F.P and Johnson Jr. E.R, “Vector Mechanics for Engineers”, Vol. 1 Statics and
Vol. 2 Dynamics, McGraw-Hill International Edition, 2007.

REFERENCES
1. Irving H. Shames, Engineering Mechanics - Statics and Dynamics, IV Edition – PHI /
Pearson Education Asia Pvt. Ltd., 2003
2. Hibbeller, R.C., Engineering Mechanics, Vol. 1 Statics, Vol. 2 Dynamics, Pearson
Education Asia Pvt. Ltd., 2000.
3. Ashok Gupta, Interactive Engineering Mechanics – Statics – A Virtual Tutor
(CDROM), Pearson Education Asia Pvt., Ltd., 2002
4. J.L. Meriam & L.G. Kraige, Engineering Mechanics Vol. I & Vol. II, V edition, John
Wiley & Sons, 2006.
5. P. Boresi & J. Schmidt, Engineering Mechanics Statics & Dynamics, Micro Print Pvt.
Ltec., Chennai, 2004.

EE9165 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT THEORY L T P C
3 0 0 3

AIM
To give a complete conceptual knowledge on electrical quantities, elements and circuits.

OBJECTIVES
At the end of this course, student would have exposure to:
  •  Elementary concept of electric sources, elements and their properties.
  •  Basic series, parallel and complex circuit configurations, Laws and Theorems governing them.
  • Techniques to analyze D.C. and A.C. circuits using mathematical tools.
  •  Use of standard software’s for problem solving.

PREREQUISITE
Physics
UNIT I D.C. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS 9
Charge and current, voltage, power, and energy – Ohm’s law – Ideal voltage and
current sources – Independent sources – Dependent sources – Circuit elements –
Kirchhoff’s Laws – Voltage and Current division in series and parallel circuits, Network
reduction – Mesh and Nodal analysis with voltage and current sources – Circuit 23
theorems:- Superposition, Thevenin’s Norton’s Reciprocity and Maximum Power
Transfer – Source transformation – Υ-Δ transformation - Problem solving using standard
software .

UNIT II A.C.CIRCUIT FUNDAMENTALS AND ANALYSIS 10
Sinusoidal voltage and current – RMSvalue – Form factor – Phasor representation of
sinusoidal of voltages –Current and voltage relationship in R, L, and C circuits –
Impedance and admittance, power factor concepts in RC, RL and RLC circuits –
Impedance combinations – Real power, reactive power, complex power, apparent power
– Kirchhoff’s laws – Analysis of simple series and parallel circuits - Problem solving
using standard software.

UNIT III RESONANCE AND COUPLED CIRCUITS 9
Resonance in parallel and series circuits – Half power frequencies – Bandwidth and Q
factor of Resonant circuits – Mutual Inductance – Dot convention – Coefficient of
coupling – Sinusoidal steady state analysis of network with coupled inductance -
Problem solving using standard software.

UNIT IV THREE-PHASE CIRCUIT ANALYSIS 8
Three-phase balanced and unbalanced voltage sources – Three - phase balance and
unbalanced loads – Line voltage and phase voltage – Phasor diagram and Power in
three - phase circuit – Three - phase circuit analysis with star and delta balanced and
unbalanced loads – Phasor diagram – Power and power factor measurement in threephase circuits – Problem solving using standard software.

UNIT V TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF FIRST AND SECOND ORDER
LINEARCIRCUITS 9
Source free RC and RL Circuit responses – Step response of RC and RL circuits –
source free RLC series and parallel circuit responses – Step responses of RLC series
and parallel circuits – Responses of RC, RL and RLC series circuits to sinusoidal
excitation - Problem solving using standard software.

TOTAL : 45 PERIODS

TEXT BOOKS

1. Edminister, J.A. and Nahvi, M., “Electric Circuits”, 4
th
Edition, Schaum’s Outline series,
McGraw-Hill, 2002.
2. Husain, A., “Networks and Systems”, Khanna Publishers, 2000.

REFERENCE S
1. Boylsted, R.L., “Essentials of Circuit Analysis”, Prentice Hall, 2003.
2. HAYT, Jr.W.H., Kemmerly, J.E., and Durbin, S.M., “Engineering Circuit Analysis”,
Tata McGraw-Hill, 2002.
3. Alexander, C.K., Matthew, N.O., and Sadiku, “Fundamentals of Electric Circuits”, Tata
McGraw- Hill, 2003.
4. Decarlo, R.A. and Lin, P.M., “Linear Circuit Analysis”, Oxford University Press, 2001.
24
CS9161 OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING L T P C
3 0 0 3
AIM
To present the concepts of Object Oriented Programming through C++ and Java.
OBJECTIVES
 To study the object oriented programming principles.
 To introduce the classes, objects, constructors and destructors in C++.
 To introduce the operator overloading, inheritance, polymorphism
concepts and file operations in C++. 
To introduce classes, objects, methods, arrays and strings in Java.
 To introduce the programming approach in Java like interfaces, packages, multi -
threading, managing errors and exceptions and Applet programming.

PREREQUISITE
Fundamentals of Computing
UNIT I OOP CONCEPTS, BASICS OF C++, CLASSES AND OBJECTS 9
Basic concepts of object oriented programming – Object oriented languages –
Applications of OOP – Structure of C++ program – Tokens – Data types – Constants –
Variables – Initializations – Operators – Expressions – Control structures – Functions –
Overloading – Defining of class – Data members - Member functions and its definitions –
Object as an array, arguments and return types – Friendly functions.

UNIT II CONSTRUCTORS AND OPERATOR OVERLOADING 9
Constructors – Different types of constructors – Dynamic initialization of objects –
Dynamic constructors – Destructors - Defining unary and binary Operators overloading
with member function and friend function – Rules for overloading operators – Type
conversions.

UNIT III NHERITANCES, POLYMORPHISM, CONSOLE AND FILE OPERATIONS 9
Different types of inheritances – Virtual and abstract classes - Pointers to objects,
derived classes – Virtual functions – C++ streams / classes – Unformatted and formatted
console operations – Classes for file stream operations – Files – Opening – Closing –
Detecting end of files – File modes – Sequential and random files.

UNIT IV JAVA BASICS, CLASSES, METHODS AND INHERITANCES 9
Java features – Java program structures – Java tokens - Statements – Constants –
Variables – Data types – Operators – Expressions – Defining a class – Instance
variables and methods – Creating objects – Accessing class members – Constructors –
Method overloading – Static members – Inheritance: Extending a class – Overriding
methods – Final variables, Final methods and Final classes – Abstract methods and
classes – Visibility control - Arrays – One and two dimensional arrays – Strings, vectors
and wrapper classes.

UNIT V INTERFACES, PACKAGES, THREADING, EXCEPTIONS AND APPLETS 9
Defining interfaces – Extending, implementing, accessing interfaces – Java API
packages – Defining user defined packages and usage – Creating threads – Extending
the thread class – Life cycle of a thread – Thread priority – Synchronization – 25
Exceptions – Syntax of exception handling code – try, catch and finally statements –
Throwing our own exceptions – Preparing to write applets – Applet lifecycle –
Executable applet – Designing a web page – Applet tags – Adding applet to HTML file –
Running the Applet – Passing parameter to Applets.

TOTAL : 45 PERIODS

TEXT BOOKS
1. Balagurusamy, E., “Object Oriented Programming with C++”, 3rd Edition, Tata  McGraw-Hill, 2006.
2. Balagurusamy, E., “Programming with JAVA – A Primer”, 3rd Edition, Tata McGrawHill, 2007.

REFERENCES
1. Sourav Sahay, “Object Oriented Programming with C++”, Second Impression,
Oxford University Press, 2006.
2. Herbert Schildt, “C++ - The Complete Reference”, 14th Reprint, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2006.
3. Herbert Schildt, “Java - The Complete Reference”, 7th Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2007.
4. Deitel, H.M., and Deitel, P.J., “C++ : How to program”, 5th Edition,Prentice - Hall of India, 2005.
5. Deitel, H.M., and Deitel, P.J., “Java : How to program’, 6
thEdition, Prentice - Hall of India, 2006.

CS9162 COMPUTER PRACTICE II L T P C
0 0 3 2

1. Shell Commands, Wild Cards, Escaping and Redirection.
2. Pipes, Tees and Command Substitution.
3. Shell Variables, Simple program using Shell Scripting.
4. Shell Programs using Loops.
5. Simple Shell Programs using File I/O.
6. Advanced Shell Programs using File I/O.
7. Directories and i-nodes.
8. Simple programs using classes for understanding objects, member function,
constructions and destructors.
9. Programs using operator overloading including unary operators, new and delete
10. Programs using inheritance concepts
11. Programs using virtual functions and dynamic polymorphism
12. Programs using templates.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS

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